Sedentary Behavior and School Bullying in Adolescents: An Analysis Based on a National Survey in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Sedentarism has been associated with poorer mental health, greater likelihood of bullying and suicide risk; however, studies with national coverage are needed to characterize contexts and allow comparisons between nations. The aim of this study was to examine the association between sedentary lifestyles with bullying in the social context of Colombian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 78,772 adolescents aged 13-17 years participating in the 2017 National School Health Survey. Sedentary behavior was defined as sitting for 3+ hours/day of leisure time, while bullying was identified by self-report of being victimized 1+ times/month. Relative frequencies were estimated and, using a log-binomial regression model, prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 15.31% of students reported being victims of bullying. A higher probability to be bullied was estimated in sedentary adolescents (PR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.09-1.29), as well as in females, ethnic minorities, those who went hungry in the last month due to lack of food, students with health problems, and private schools. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying was related with sedentary leisure time, gender, ethnicity, type of educational institution, and presence of health problems. Being a multicausal phenomenon, bullying demands policies and programs with a greater focus on the most vulnerable groups.

Armed conflict, pollution, and health risks: A risk evaluation of three sources of environmental exposure associated with the conflict in Colombia / [Conflicto armado, contaminación y riesgos en salud: una evaluación de riesgo de tres fuentes de exposición ambiental asociadas con el conflicto en Colombia].

Introduction: Armed conflicts affect territories rich in resources and biodiversity. As a result of the environmental damage caused by violent actions, the health of populations can be affected. Objectives: To assess the risks to human health due to environmental degradation associated with three violent actions in the context of the Colombian armed conflict: Pipeline bombing, informal mining with mercury, and spraying of illicit crops with glyphosate. Materials and methods: We conducted a quantitative evaluation of the risks to individual health associated with armed conflict activities using methodologies focused on the routes of pollutants dispersion, their concentrations in the environment, the exposure of the individuals, and the risks of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Results: The risk assessment of the armed conflict-related actions under study evidenced intolerable carcinogenic risk and unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk due to the consumption of water and fish contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mercury, and glyphosate. Conclusions: The study reiterates the inextricable connections existing among the environment, society, and health, as well as the implications of environmental violence for the public health of vulnerable population groups and, in general, for the well-being of all living beings affected by the armed conflict.

Introducción. Los conflictos armados afectan los territorios ricos en recursos y biodiversidad; el daño ambiental causado por las acciones violentas puede afectar la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivos. Evaluar los riesgos para la salud humana debidos a la degradación ambiental asociada con tres acciones violentas en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano: la voladura de oleoductos, la minería informal con mercurio y la aspersión de cultivos ilícitos con glifosato. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una evaluación cuantitativa de los riesgos para la salud individual asociados con actividades del conflicto armado, usando metodologías que tienen en cuenta la ruta de dispersión de los contaminantes, su concentración en el ambiente, la exposición de los individuos y los riesgos de efectos cancerígenos y no cancerígenos. Resultados. La evaluación de los riesgos asociados con las acciones en el marco del conflicto armado analizadas, evidenció un riesgo cancerígeno intolerable y uno no cancerígeno inaceptable debidos al consumo de agua y peces contaminados por hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, mercurio y glifosato. Conclusiones. El estudio reafirmó las conexiones inextricables que existen entre ambiente, sociedad y salud, y las implicaciones de la violencia ambiental para la salud pública de los grupos poblacionales vulnerables y, en general, para el bienestar de todos los seres vivos afectados por el conflicto armado.

Conflicto armado, contaminación y riesgos en salud: una evaluación de riesgo de tres fuentes de exposición ambiental asociadas con el conflicto en Colombia / Armed conflict, pollution, and health risks: A risk evaluation of three sources of environmental exposure associated with the conflict in Colombia

Resumen | Introducción. Los conflictos armados afectan los territorios ricos en recursos y biodiversidad; el daño ambiental causado por las acciones violentas puede afectar la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivos. Evaluar los riesgos para la salud humana debidos a la degradación ambiental asociada con tres acciones violentas en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano: la voladura de oleoductos, la minería informal con mercurio y la aspersión de cultivos ilícitos con glifosato. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una evaluación cuantitativa de los riesgos para la salud individual asociados con actividades del conflicto armado, usando metodologías que tienen en cuenta la ruta de dispersión de los contaminantes, su concentración en el ambiente, la exposición de los individuos y los riesgos de efectos cancerígenos y no cancerígenos. Resultados. La evaluación de los riesgos asociados con las acciones en el marco del conflicto armado analizadas, evidenció un riesgo cancerígeno intolerable y uno no cancerígeno inaceptable debidos al consumo de agua y peces contaminados por hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, mercurio y glifosato. Conclusiones. El estudio reafirmó las conexiones inextricables que existen entre ambiente, sociedad y salud, y las implicaciones de la violencia ambiental para la salud pública de los grupos poblacionales vulnerables y, en general, para el bienestar de todos los seres vivos afectados por el conflicto armado.

Abstract | Introduction: Armed conflicts affect territories rich in resources and biodiversity. As a result of the environmental damage caused by violent actions, the health of populations can be affected. Objectives: To assess the risks to human health due to environmental degradation associated with three violent actions in the context of the Colombian armed conflict: Pipeline bombing, informal mining with mercury, and spraying of illicit crops with glyphosate. Materials and methods: We conducted a quantitative evaluation of the risks to individual health associated with armed conflict activities using methodologies focused on the routes of pollutants dispersion, their concentrations in the environment, the exposure of the individuals, and the risks of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Results: The risk assessment of the armed conflict-related actions under study evidenced intolerable carcinogenic risk and unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk due to the consumption of water and fish contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mercury, and glyphosate. Conclusions: The study reiterates the inextricable connections existing among the environment, society, and health, as well as the implications of environmental violence for the public health of vulnerable population groups and, in general, for the well-being of all living beings affected by the armed conflict.

Continuity of Care and the Control of High Blood Pressure at Colombian Primary Care Services.

Continuity of care (COC) has been associated with lower mortality and hospitalizations and higher high blood pressure (HBP) control rates. This evidence mainly came from high income countries. We aimed to identify conditions associated with controlled HBP, particularly COC, in primary care services (PCSs) affiliated to two health insurances in Colombia, a low-median income country. A longitudinal observational study was carried out using clinical records of hypertensive adults >18 years with ≥4 clinic visits attending a contributive and a subsidized PCS in Cali (Colombia) between 2013 and 2014. Subsidized PCSs were for unemployment people and those at low socio-economic position and contributive for formal workers. COC was measured using the Bice and Boxerman index. Logistic regression models were performed to quantify the relation between COC and controlled HBP (blood pressure <140/90 mmHg). Between 2013 and 2014, among 8797 hypertensive people identified, 1358 were included: 935 (68.8%) and 423 (31.1%) from the contributive and subsidized PCSs, respectively. 856 (62.3%) were women and had a mean age of 67.7 years (SD 11.7). All people were on antihypertensive treatment. Over the study period, 522 (38.4%) people had controlled HBP, 410 (43.9%) in the contributive and 112 (26.5%) in subsidized PCSs. An increase in 1 unit of the COC index is associated with a 161% higher probability of having HBP controlled (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.25-5.44). The odds of having controlled HBP increased as the number of visits rose; for example, people at the fourth visit had a 34% (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.66) higher probability of reaching the target. Continuity of care was positively associated with controlled HBP. The strengthening of COC can improve the observed low HBP control rates and reduce health inequalities.

Evaluación del desempeño de un analizador POCT con relación a los resultados de los métodos convencionales rutinarios del laboratorio clínico en un hogar de ancianos. Cali. 2014 / Performance evaluation of a POCT analyzer in relation to the results of routine conventional clinical laboratory methods in a nursing home. Cali. 2014

RESUMEN Introducción: Los análisis en el sitio de atención (POCT, por sus siglas en ingles Point-of-care testing) son pruebas de diagnóstico clínico llevadas a cabo fuera de los espacios específicamente diseñados para los análisis clínicos, que proporcionan resultados rápidos que mejoran la oportunidad en la toma de decisiones médicas. En Colombia no hay información sobre su uso y desempeño en grupos etarios específicos como los de los hogares de ancianos en Colombia. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño de un analizador POCT para perfil lipídico (CT, LDL-c, HDL-c, TG) y glicemia con relación a los resultados de los métodos convencionales rutinarios del laboratorio clínico en un hogar de ancianos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se tomaron 52 residentes a quienes se les tomaron muestras pareadas (punción venosa y digital). Se usó un instrumento estandarizado para la descripción de las características deseadas del POCT. Se aplicó estadística univariada y bivariada. Resultados: La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 78, rango 64-91 años. El POCT mostró un desempeño aceptable frente a los métodos convencionales del laboratorio clínico, especialmente TG y HDL-c. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados de glicemia, CT y LDL-c entregados por el POCT en comparación con los del laboratorio clínico. Conclusiones: La POCT puede ser una opción importante para tamizaje y control de enfermedades crónicas en hogares de ancianos. Sin embargo, es necesario una estructura organizacional que garantice la calidad de las mediciones del POCT. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 9-18.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Point-of-care testing (POCT) are clinical diagnostic tests carried out than laboratory analysts, outside of spaces specifically designed for clinical analysis, and they provide quick results that improve the timeliness of medical decision making. In Colombia there is no information on its use and performance in specific age groups such as those in nursing homes. Objective: To evaluate the performance of a POCT analyzer for lipid profile (CT, LDL-c, HDL-c, TG) and glycemia in relation to the results of routine conventional methods of the clinical laboratory in a nursing home. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional. 52 residents were taken to whom paired samples were applied. Glucose and lipid levels were determined. Samples collected by fingerstick were analyzed by POCT and venipuncture by conventional methods certified by the CDC in the laboratory. A standardized instrument was used to describe the desired characteristics of the POCT. Univariate and bivariate statistics were applied. The results issued by the clinical reference laboratory were compared with those of the POCT through the ICC. Results: The average age of the participants was 78, range 64-91 years. The POCT showed an acceptable performance compared to conventional clinical laboratory methods, especially TG and HDL-c. However, statistically significant differences were observed in the results of glycemia, CT and LDL-c delivered by the POCT compared to those of the clinical laboratory. Conclusions: POCT can be an important option for chronic disease screening and management in nursing homes. However, an organizational structure is necessary to ensure the quality of the POCT measurements. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 9-18.

Skin color, social inequalities and health in older adults: an analysis based on the SABE survey in Colombia.

Our study is based on the Colombia SABE survey (Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study), which included 23,694 individuals aged 60+ in urban and rural areas of the country. The analysis addresses adult self-perception of health status as a dependent variable and its relationships to ethnic/racial self-recognition and to interviewer-ascribed skin color as a phenotypic trait using a validated technique with a color palette. Social inequalities were determined based on the characterization of socioeconomic status, urban or rural residence, literacy, and the average years of education attained. Our study brought together socioeconomic factors, ethnic-racial self-recognition and skin color as factors of discrimination. Descriptive statistical tests and four adjusted logistic models were developed, controlling by the sex and the age of the individuals. The findings show that adults in households with better socioeconomic conditions have a better self-perception of health. Regarding ethnic-racial self-recognition, Afro-descendant, black, and mulatto adults have less good health perception than white-mestizo adults and face the worst socioeconomic conditions. In summary, skin color and ethnic and racial self-recognition categories, together with classic socioeconomic variables, are relevant to understand the health status self-perception of older adults as part of the processes of exclusion and discrimination that have consequences for health inequalities.

No land for food: prevalence of food insecurity in ethnic communities enclosed by sugarcane monocrop in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how the food systems in areas close to sugarcane monocrops influence the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) among three ethnic communities in the upper Cauca River basin of Colombia. METHODS: We developed a mixed methodology study at three rural zones located in the departments of Cauca and Valle del Cauca, Colombia, using a household survey to establish the level of FI, and semi-structured interviews with key community actors. RESULTS: These three ethnic communities have a high prevalence of FI (> 70%) that was found to be associated with economic income, social security, gender, the presence of minors in the home, refrigerator in operation and ownership of the land. Loss of food sovereignty was associated with the sale and rental of land. CONCLUSIONS: The sugarcane monocrop has contributed to environmental crises, spatial confinement and sociocultural disruption in ethnic territories; by renting, selling or leasing their land to the industrial production of sugarcane, traditional practices of food production and self-consumption have been profoundly transformed. Ethnic cultures are endangered, while food security and sovereignty of indigenous and black communities have been negatively affected.

Predicciones de un modelo SEIR para casos de COVID-19 en Cali, Colombia / Predictions of a SEIR model for COVID-19 cases in Cali-Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Predecir el número de casos de COVID-19 en la ciudad de Cali-Colombia mediante el desarrollo de un modelo SEIR. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo determinista compartimental SEIR considerando los estados: susceptibles (S), expuestos (E), infectados (I) y recuperados (R). Los parámetros del modelo fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a la revisión de literatura. En el caso de la tasa de letalidad, se usaron los datos de la Secretaría de Salud Municipal de Cali. Se plantearon varios escenarios teniendo en cuenta variaciones en el número básico de reproducción (R0) y en la tasa de letalidad; además, se comparó la predicción hasta el 9 de abril con los datos observados. Resultados A través del modelo SEIR se encontró que, con el número básico de reproducción más alto (2,6) y utilizando la letalidad calculada para la ciudad de 2,0%, el número máximo de casos se alcanzaría el primero de junio con 195 666 (prevalencia); sin embargo, al comparar los casos observados con los esperados, al inicio la ocurrencia observada estaba por encima de la proyectada; pero luego cambia la tendencia con una disminución marcada de la pendiente. Conclusiones Los modelos epidemiológicos SEIR son métodos muy utilizados para la proyección de casos en enfermedades infecciosas; sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que son modelos deterministas que pueden utilizar parámetros supuestos y podrían generar resultados imprecisos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To predict the number of cases of COVID-19 in the city of Cali-Colombia through the development of a SEIR model. Methods A SEIR compartmental deterministic model was used considering the states: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). The model parameters were selected according to the literature review, in the case of the case fatality rate data from the Municipal Secretary of Health were used. Several scenarios were considered taking into account variations in the basic number of reproduction (R0), and the prediction until april 9 was compared with the observed data. Results Through the SEIR model it was found that with the highest basic number of reproduction [2,6] and using the case fatality rate for the city of 2,0%, the maximum number of cases would be reached on June 1 with 195 666 (prevalence). However, when comparing the observed with the expected cases, at the beginning the observed occurrence was above the projected, but then the trend changes decreasing the slope. Conclusions SEIR epidemiological models are widely used methods for projecting cases in infectious diseases, however it must be taken into account that they are deterministic models that can use assumed parameters and could generate imprecise results.(AU)

Análisis espacio-temporal del SARS-COV-2 en Cali, Colombia / SARS-coV-2 spatio - temporal analysis in Cali, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la distribución espacio-temporal del COVID-19 en la ciudad de Cali durante el primer mes de epidemia. Métodos Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales, compuesto por un análisis de densidad de Kernel y se verificó la presencia de patrones espaciales por medio de la función K de Ripley. Resultados La distribución espacial de los casos tiende a concentrarse inicialmente en el norte y sur de la ciudad, con una dinámica cambiante hacia el oriente y occidente. Conclusiones El patrón espacial identificado puede estar influenciado por las medidas de aislamiento tomadas a nivel local y nivel nacional, además no se puede descartar el efecto del poco acceso que tiene la población general a las pruebas diagnósticas, los retrasos y represamientos para conocer los resultados de las mismas y aun los posibles sesgos por dificultades en la técnica de toma de la muestra o su conservación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the spatio-temporal distribution of the COVID-19 in the city of Cali during the first month of the epidemic. Methods An exploratory analysis of spatial data was carried out, consisting of a kernel density analysis and the presence of spatial patterns was verified by the K-Ripley function. Results The spatial distribution of the cases tends to initially concentrate in the north and south of the city, with a changing dynamic towards the east and west. Conclusions The identified spatial pattern may be influenced by the isolation measures taken at the local and national level, but the effect of the low access of the general population to diagnostic tests, delays and restraints to know the results cannot be ruled out and even possible biases due to difficulties in the technique of taking the sample or its conservation.(AU)

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição espaço-temporal do COVID-19 na cidade de Cali durante o primeiro mês da epidemia. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise exploratória de dados espaciais, consistindo em uma análise de densidade de kernel e a presença de padrões espaciais foi verificada pela função K-Ripley. Resultados: A distribuição espacial dos casos tende a se concentrar inicialmente no norte e no sul da cidade, com uma dinâmica mutante para o leste e oeste. Conclusões: O padrão espacial identificado pode ser influenciado pelas medidas de isolamento tomadas a nível local e nacional, mas não se pode descartar o efeito do baixo acesso da população em geral aos exames diagnósticos, atrasos e limitações para conhecer os resultados e mesmo possíveis vieses devido às dificuldades na técnica de coleta da amostra ou na sua conservação.(AU)

[Predictions of a SEIR model for COVID-19 cases in Cali-Colombia]. / Predicciones de un modelo SEIR para casos de COVID-19 en Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To predict the number of cases of COVID-19 in the city of Cali-Colombia through the development of a SEIR model. METHODS: A SEIR compartmental deterministic model was used considering the states: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). The model parameters were selected according to the literature review, in the case of the case fatality rate data from the Municipal Secretary of Health were used. Several scenarios were considered taking into account variations in the basic number of reproduction (R0), and the prediction until april 9 was compared with the observed data. RESULTS: Through the SEIR model it was found that with the highest basic number of reproduction [2,6] and using the case fatality rate for the city of 2,0%, the maximum number of cases would be reached on June 1 with 195 666 (prevalence). However, when comparing the observed with the expected cases, at the beginning the observed occurrence was above the projected, but then the trend changes decreasing the slope. CONCLUSIONS: SEIR epidemiological models are widely used methods for projecting cases in infectious diseases, however it must be taken into account that they are deterministic models that can use assumed parameters and could generate imprecise results.

[SARS-coV-2 spatio - temporal analysis in Cali, Colombia]. / Análisis espacio-temporal del SARS-COV-2 en Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the spatio-temporal distribution of the COVID-19 in the city of Cali during the first month of the epidemic. METHODS: An exploratory analysis of spatial data was carried out, consisting of a kernel density analysis and the presence of spatial patterns was verified by the K-Ripley function. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the cases tends to initially concentrate in the north and south of the city, with a changing dynamic towards the east and west. CONCLUSIONS: The identified spatial pattern may be influenced by the isolation measures taken at the local and national level, but the effect of the low access of the general population to diagnostic tests, delays and restraints to know the results cannot be ruled out and even possible biases due to difficulties in the technique of taking the sample or its conservation.

Skin color, social inequalities and health in older adults: an analysis based on the SABE survey in Colombia / Cor da pele, desigualdades sociais e saúde em idosos: uma análise a partir do inquérito SABE na Colômbia / Color de piel, inequidades sociales y salud en adultos de edad avanzada: un análisis basado en la encuesta SABE en Colombia

Abstract: Our study is based on the Colombia SABE survey (Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study), which included 23,694 individuals aged 60+ in urban and rural areas of the country. The analysis addresses adult self-perception of health status as a dependent variable and its relationships to ethnic/racial self-recognition and to interviewer-ascribed skin color as a phenotypic trait using a validated technique with a color palette. Social inequalities were determined based on the characterization of socioeconomic status, urban or rural residence, literacy, and the average years of education attained. Our study brought together socioeconomic factors, ethnic-racial self-recognition and skin color as factors of discrimination. Descriptive statistical tests and four adjusted logistic models were developed, controlling by the sex and the age of the individuals. The findings show that adults in households with better socioeconomic conditions have a better self-perception of health. Regarding ethnic-racial self-recognition, Afro-descendant, black, and mulatto adults have less good health perception than white-mestizo adults and face the worst socioeconomic conditions. In summary, skin color and ethnic and racial self-recognition categories, together with classic socioeconomic variables, are relevant to understand the health status self-perception of older adults as part of the processes of exclusion and discrimination that have consequences for health inequalities.

Resumen: Este estudio está basado en la encuesta Colombia SABE (Salud, Bienestar, y Estudio de Envejecimiento), que incluyó a 23.694 personas con 60 años o más en áreas urbanas y rurales del país. El análisis se dirige a la autopercepción del estado de salud que tienen los adultos, como variable dependiente y sus correlaciones con el autorreconocimiento étnico/racial, así como el color de piel adscrito por parte del entrevistador -como rasgo fenotípico-, usando una técnica validada mediante una gama de colores. Las inequidades sociales se determinaron basándose en la caracterización del estatus socioeconómico, residencia urbana o rural, alfabetización, y el promedio de años de educación completados. A través del análisis mencionado anteriormente, este estudio aunó factores socioeconómicos con el autorreconocimiento étnico-racial y el color de piel, como factor de discriminación. Se desarrollaron tests estadísticos descriptivos y cuatro modelos logísticos ajustados, que fueron desarrollados controlando sexo y edad de los participantes. Los resultados revelan que los adultos en los hogares con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas tuvieron una mejor autopercepción de salud. Respecto al autorreconocimiento étnico-racial, afrodescendiente, negro, y adultos mulatos, tienen una percepción menos buena de salud, en comparación con los adultos blancos-mestizos, además de enfrentar peores condiciones socioeconómicas. En resumen, color de piel, categorías étnicas, así como las raciales de autorreconocimiento, junto con las clásicas variables socioeconómicas, son relevantes para el autopercepción del estatus de salud de los adultos de edad avanzada, como parte de los procesos de exclusión y discriminación que tienen consecuencias, debido a las inequidades de salud.

Resumo: O artigo teve como base a pesquisa SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento) da Colômbia, que incluiu 23.694 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais nas áreas urbana e rural do país. A análise trata o autorrelato da saúde como variável dependente e as relações com o autorrelato étnico-racial e a cor da pele relatada pelo entrevistador enquanto traço fenotípico, através de uma técnica validada usando uma paleta de cores. As desigualdades sociais foram determinadas com base na caracterização da condição socioeconômica, residência urbana ou rural, alfabetização e anos de estudo. Através dessa análise, o estudo construiu fatores socioeconômicos com autorrelato étnico racial e cor da pele como fator de discriminação. Foram desenvolvidos testes estatísticos descritivos e quatro modelos logísticos, ajustados por sexo e idade. Os achados mostram que adultos com melhores condições socioeconômicas apresentam melhor autorrelato da saúde. Com relação ao autorrelato étnico-racial, os adultos afrodescendentes, negros e mulatos apresentam, em média, pior autorrelato da saúde quando comparados aos adultos brancos e mestiços, além de piores condições socioeconômicas. Em resumo, as categorias de cor e de autorrelato étnico e racial, junto com variáveis socioeconômicas tradicionais, são relevantes para compreender o autorrelato da saúde dos idosos como parte dos processos de exclusão e discriminação que têm consequências para as desigualdades em saúde.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in the elderly according to the ethnic group. Colombian survey.

INTRODUCTION: High blood pressure (HBP) is the main cardiovascular risk factor, it is more prevalent in the older adult population, and the prevalence can vary between ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HBP, knowledge, treatment and control in population aged ≥60 years, resident in Colombia, according to their ethnic condition. METHODS: Population sample selected by multistage sampling. Ethnicity was defined based on skin color. HBP was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, and/or the participants' self-report. Controlled HBP at a blood pressure value <140/90, knowledge and treatment were identified by self-report. RESULTS: 23,694 adults aged ≥ 60 years were included, of which 54.5%, 34.5% and 10.9% were respectively identified as having light, medium or dark skin color; 54.5% were women, and 78.1% resided in urban areas. The standardized prevalence of HBP, by age, was 57.7% (95% CI: 55.2 - 60.2); 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55. 5), in men; and 62.9% (60.9-64.9), in women. The standardized prevalence for light, medium and dark skin in men was 53.2% (95% CI: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7), and 49.4% (95% CI: 41.0-57.8) respectively; and in women was 62.5% (95% CI: 60.5-64 , 5), 61.7% (95% CI: 57.8-65.6), and 69.9% (95% CI: 63.6-76.2) respectively. 98% of the population received treatment, and 93.9% were aware of HBP diagnosis. 42.5% of men and 55.5% of women with HBP were under control. Only 21.8% performed regular physical activity. CONCLUSION: Half of the adult population aged over 60 years suffers from HBP; the prevalence is higher in women particularly in dark-skinned women. It is necessary to develop policies to increase physical activity in the elderly.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La presión arterial elevada (PAE) es el principal de factor de riesgo cardiovascular, es más prevalente en población adulta mayor y la prevalencia puede variar entre etnias. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de PAE, conocimiento, tratamiento y control en población ≥60 años residente en Colombia de acuerdo con su condición étnica. MÉTODOS: Muestra poblacional seleccionada mediante un muestreo multietápico. La etnia se definió con base en el color de piel. La PAE se definió como presión arterial sistólica ≥140 y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥90 mm Hg y/o el autoreporte del participante. La PAE controlada a un valor de presión arterial <140/90, el conocimiento y el tratamiento se identificaron por autoreporte. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluidos 23,694 adultos con edad ≥ 60 años, de los cuales, 54.5%, 34.5% y 10.9% se identificaron con color de piel claro, medio u oscuro respectivamente, El 54.5%, eran mujeres y el 78.1% residía en zona urbana, La prevalencia estandarizada por edad de PAE fue 57,7% (IC 95%: 55.2-60.2), 51.4% (IC 95%: 4.3-55.5) en hombres y 62.9% (60.9-64.9) en mujeres, La prevalencia estandarizada en hombres claros, medios y oscuros fue 53.2%(IC 95%: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7) y 49.4% (IC 95%: 41.0-57.8) respectivamente y en mujeres 62.5% (IC 95%: 60.5-64.5), 61.7% (IC 95%: 57.8-65.6) y 69.9% (IC 95%: 63.6-76.2) respectivamente, El 98% de la población recibía tratamiento y el 93.9% conocía el diagnóstico de PAE, El 42.5% de los hombres y el 55.5% de las mujeres se encontraban con PAE controlada, El 21.8% realizaba actividad física regularmente. CONCLUSIÓN: La mitad de la población adulta mayor a 60 años sufre PAE, mayor prevalencia en mujeres y particularmente mujeres oscuras. Se requiere desarrollar políticas para incrementar la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Survey on health, well-being and aging. SABE Colombia 2015: Technical Report.

INTRODUCTION: Colombian population is getting old in an accelerated manner, causing economic, social and health services effects. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection in the National System of Population Studies and Surveys for Health implemented the first health, well-being and aging survey- SABE-2015 Colombia- to know the living conditions of people 60 years of age or older. OBJECTIVE: Describe the design of the method, statistical sampling and quality control of information from the SABE-2015 survey. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, representative for the population in urban and rural areas aged 60 or over. Information was collected on socioeconomic variables, physical and social environment, behavior, cognition and affection, functionality, mental well-being, health conditions, and the use and access to health services. RESULTS: 23,694 surveys were conducted, 17,189 in urban population (72.5%) and 6,505 in rural population. The percentage of effective national response was 66% in 244 municipalities. Supervision was made in 40% of the surveys and telephone re-contact in 25%. The consistency of 100% surveys was reviewed and double entry was developed in 5% of them. National estimates have a 5% margin error. CONCLUSION: The SABE Colombia 2015 survey is representative of the main indicators of health, well-being and aging in Colombia. The design allows regional comparisons, between large cities and urban and rural population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La población colombiana está envejeciendo de forma acelerada lo cual está generando efectos económicos, sociales y en los servicios de salud que exigen de información confiable para la planeación y evaluación de políticas en esta población. El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social implementó la primera encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento- SABE Colombia 2015- para conocer las condiciones de vida de las personas de 60 años o más. OBJETIVO: Describir el diseño del método, del muestreo estadístico y del control de calidad de la información de la encuesta SABE-2015. MÉTODOS: Encuesta con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, representativo de la población urbana y rural colombiana de 60 años o más. Se registró información socioeconómica, del entorno físico y social, de la conducta, la cognición y el afecto, la funcionalidad, el bienestar mental, las condiciones de salud, y el uso y acceso a servicios de salud. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 23,694 encuestas, 17,189 en población urbanas (72.5%) y 6,505 en población rurales. El porcentaje de respuesta efectiva nacional fue del 66% en 244 municipios. Se realizó supervisión en 40% de las encuestas y re-contacto telefónico en 25%. Se revisó la consistencia del 100% de encuestas y doble digitación en el 5%. A nivel nacional las estimaciones tienen un error del 5%. CONCLUSIÓN: La encuesta SABE Colombia 2015 es representativa de los principales indicadores de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento en Colombia. El diseño permite hacer comparaciones regionales, entre grandes ciudades y de población urbana y rural.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in the elderly according to the ethnic group. Colombian survey / Prevalencia, conocimiento, tratamiento y control de la presión arterial elevada en el adulto mayor de acuerdo con el grupo étnico. Encuesta colombiana salud, bienestar y envejecimiento 2015

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP) is the main cardiovascular risk factor, it is more prevalent in the older adult population, and the prevalence can vary between ethnic groups. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of HBP, knowledge, treatment and control in population aged ≥60 years, resident in Colombia, according to their ethnic condition. Methods: Population sample selected by multistage sampling. Ethnicity was defined based on skin color. HBP was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, and/or the participants' self-report. Controlled HBP at a blood pressure value <140/90, knowledge and treatment were identified by self-report. Results: 23,694 adults aged ≥60 years were included, of which 54.5%, 34.5% and 10.9% were respectively identified as having light, medium or dark skin color; 54.5% were women, and 78.1% resided in urban areas. The standardized prevalence of HBP, by age, was 57.7% (95% CI: 55.2-60.2); 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55.5), in men; and 62.9% (60.9-64.9), in women. The standardized prevalence for light, medium and dark skin in men was 53.2% (95% CI: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7), and 49.4% (95% CI: 41.0-57.8) respectively; and in women was 62.5% (95% CI: 60.5-64 , 5), 61.7% (95% CI: 57.8-65.6), and 69.9% (95% CI: 63.6-76.2) respectively. 98% of the population received treatment, and 93.9% were aware of HBP diagnosis. 42.5% of men and 55.5% of women with HBP were under control. Only 21.8% performed regular physical activity. Conclusion: Half of the adult population aged over 60 years suffers from HBP; the prevalence is higher in women particularly in dark-skinned women. It is necessary to develop policies to increase physical activity in the elderly.

Resumen Introducción: La presión arterial elevada (PAE) es el principal de factor de riesgo cardiovascular, es más prevalente en población adulta mayor y la prevalencia puede variar entre etnias. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de PAE, conocimiento, tratamiento y control en población ≥60 años residente en Colombia de acuerdo con su condición étnica. Métodos: Muestra poblacional seleccionada mediante un muestreo multietápico. La etnia se definió con base en el color de piel. La PAE se definió como presión arterial sistólica ≥140 y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥90 mm Hg y/o el autoreporte del participante. La PAE controlada a un valor de presión arterial <140/90, el conocimiento y el tratamiento se identificaron por autoreporte. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 23,694 adultos con edad ≥ 60 años, de los cuales, 54.5%, 34.5% y 10.9% se identificaron con color de piel claro, medio u oscuro respectivamente, El 54.5%, eran mujeres y el 78.1% residía en zona urbana, La prevalencia estandarizada por edad de PAE fue 57,7% (IC 95%: 55.2-60.2), 51.4% (IC 95%: 4.3-55.5) en hombres y 62.9% (60.9-64.9) en mujeres, La prevalencia estandarizada en hombres claros, medios y oscuros fue 53.2%(IC 95%: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7) y 49.4% (IC 95%: 41.0-57.8) respectivamente y en mujeres 62.5% (IC 95%: 60.5-64.5), 61.7% (IC 95%: 57.8-65.6) y 69.9% (IC 95%: 63.6-76.2) respectivamente, El 98% de la población recibía tratamiento y el 93.9% conocía el diagnóstico de PAE, El 42.5% de los hombres y el 55.5% de las mujeres se encontraban con PAE controlada, El 21.8% realizaba actividad física regularmente. Conclusión: La mitad de la población adulta mayor a 60 años sufre PAE, mayor prevalencia en mujeres y particularmente mujeres oscuras. Se requiere desarrollar políticas para incrementar la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Survey on Health, Well-being and Aging. SABE Colombia 2015: Technical Report / Encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento sabe Colombia 2015: Reporte técnico

Abstract Introduction: Colombian population is getting old in an accelerated manner, causing economic, social and health services effects. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection in the National System of Population Studies and Surveys for Health implemented the first health, well-being and aging survey- SABE-2015 Colombia- to know the living conditions of people 60 years of age or older. Objective: Describe the design of the method, statistical sampling and quality control of information from the SABE-2015 survey. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, representative for the population in urban and rural areas aged 60 or over. Information was collected on socioeconomic variables, physical and social environment, behavior, cognition and affection, functionality, mental well-being, health conditions, and the use and access to health services. Results: 23,694 surveys were conducted, 17,189 in urban population (72.5%) and 6,505 in rural population. The percentage of effective national response was 66% in 244 municipalities. Supervision was made in 40% of the surveys and telephone re-contact in 25%. The consistency of 100% surveys was reviewed and double entry was developed in 5% of them. National estimates have a 5% margin error. Conclusion: The SABE Colombia 2015 survey is representative of the main indicators of health, well-being and aging in Colombia. The design allows regional comparisons, between large cities and urban and rural population.

Resumen Introducción: La población colombiana está envejeciendo de forma acelerada lo cual está generando efectos económicos, sociales y en los servicios de salud que exigen de información confiable para la planeación y evaluación de políticas en esta población. El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social implementó la primera encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento- SABE Colombia 2015- para conocer las condiciones de vida de las personas de 60 años o más. Objetivo: Describir el diseño del método, del muestreo estadístico y del control de calidad de la información de la encuesta SABE-2015. Métodos: Encuesta con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, representativo de la población urbana y rural colombiana de 60 años o más. Se registró información socioeconómica, del entorno físico y social, de la conducta, la cognición y el afecto, la funcionalidad, el bienestar mental, las condiciones de salud, y el uso y acceso a servicios de salud. Resultados: Se realizaron 23,694 encuestas, 17,189 en población urbanas (72.5%) y 6,505 en población rurales. El porcentaje de respuesta efectiva nacional fue del 66% en 244 municipios. Se realizó supervisión en 40% de las encuestas y re-contacto telefónico en 25%. Se revisó la consistencia del 100% de encuestas y doble digitación en el 5%. A nivel nacional las estimaciones tienen un error del 5%. Conclusión: La encuesta SABE Colombia 2015 es representativa de los principales indicadores de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento en Colombia. El diseño permite hacer comparaciones regionales, entre grandes ciudades y de población urbana y rural.

Effect of vaccination against oral HPV-16 infection in high school students in the city of Cali, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, an association between HPV-16 and oropharyngeal cancers has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate whether vaccination decreases the exposure of HPV-16 in the oral cavity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of vaccination on oral HPV-16 infection in high school students in the city of Cali, Colombia. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, HPV-16 DNA was detected in samples from the oral cavity and throat of 1,784 high school students of both genders, aged 14-17 years old, in 21 schools in the city of Cali, Colombia. The number in vaccinated girls were 944 vs., 95 unvaccinated girls and 745 unvaccinated boys. RESULTS: The HPV exposure percentages were: 0.7% in vaccinated girls, 3.2% in unvaccinated girls and 2.3% in unvaccinated boys. The odds ratio (OR) of detection of HPV-16 in vaccinated versus unvaccinated students was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.07-0.88), representing a 72% reduction in HPV-16 detection in students immunized with two doses. The odds of detection of HPV-16 in unvaccinated male students were 3.6 times those of vaccinated girls (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.21-12.81) and increased to almost eight-fold in boys who had initiated sexual activity (OR = 7.74, 95% CI: 1.53-75.09). CONCLUSIONS: HPV vaccination was associated with the reduction of HPV-16 exposure percentages in the oral and oropharyngeal cavity.